Current Problems in Cancer
Volume 24, Issue 6 , Pages 293-373 , November 2000

Esophageal cancer: A systematic review

References 

  1. National Cancer Institute . National Cancer Institute fact book. Bethesda (MD): US Departent of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health; 1998;
  2. Devesa SS, Blot WJ, Fraumeni JFJ. Changing patterns in the incidence of esophageal and gastric carcinoma in the United States. Cancer. 1998;83:2049–2053
  3. Bytzer P, Christensen PB, Damkier P, Vinding K, Seersholm N. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and Barrett's esophagus: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:86–91
  4. Moyana TN, Janoski M. Recent trends in the epidemiology of esophageal cancer: Comparison of epidermoid- and adenocarcinomas. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1996;26:480–486
  5. Thomas RJ, Lade S, Giles GG, Thursfield V. Incidence trends in oesophageal and proximal gastric carcinoma in Victoria. Aust NZ J Surg. 1996;66:271–275
  6. Dolan K, Sutton R, Walker SJ, Morris AI, Campbell F, Williams EM. New classification of oesophageal and gastric carcinomas derived from changing patterns in epidemiology. Br J Cancer. 1999;80:834–842
  7. Liabeuf A, Faivre J. Time trends in oesophageal cancer incidence in Cote d'Or (France), 1976–1993. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1997;6:24–30
  8. Hansen S, Wiig JN, Giercksky KE, Treth S. Esophageal and gastric carcinoma in Norway 1958–1992: incidence time trend variability according to morphological subtypes and organ subsites. Int J Cancer. 1997;71:340–344
  9. Armstrong RW, Borman B. Trends in incidence rates of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and gastric cardia in New Zealand, 1978–1992. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25:941–947
  10. Lord RV, Law MG, Ward RL, Giles GG, Thomas RJ, Thursfield V. Rising incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in men in Australia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998;13:356–362
  11. Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A, Nyren O. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:825–831
  12. DeMeester TR. Esophageal carcinoma: current controversies. Semin Surg Oncol. 1997;13:217–233
  13. O'Connor JB, Falk GW, Richter JE. The incidence of adenocarcinoma and dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: report on the Cleveland Clinic Barrett's Esophagus Registry. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:2037–2042
  14. Tzonou A, Lipworth L, Garidou A, Signorello LB, Lagiou P, Hsieh C, et al. Diet and risk of esophageal cancer by histologic type in a low-risk population. Int J Cancer. 1996;68:300–304
  15. Chow WH, Blot WJ, Vaughan TL, Risch HA, Gammon MD, Stanford JL, et al. Body mass index and risk of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90:150–155
  16. Gajalakshmi CK, Ravichandran K, Shanta V. Tobacco-related cancers in Madras, India. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1996;5:63–68
  17. Launoy G, Milan C, Day NE, Faivre J, Pienkowski P, Gignoux M. Oesophageal cancer in France: potential importance of hot alcoholic drinks. Int J Cancer. 1997;71:917–923
  18. Nandakumar A, Anantha N, Pattabhiraman V, Prabhakaran PS, Dhar M, Puttaswamy K, et al. Importance of anatomical subsite in correlating risk factors in cancer of the oesophagus—report of a case-control study. Br J Cancer. 1996;73:1306–1311
  19. Dai Q, Zheng W, Ji BT, Shu XO, Jin F, Cheng HX, et al. Prior immunity-related medical conditions and oesophageal cancer risk: a population-based case-control study in Shanghai. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1997;6:152–157
  20. Ahsan H, Neugut AI. Radiation therapy for breast cancer and increased risk for esophageal carcinoma. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:114–117
  21. In: Beahrs OH, Myers MY editor. 2nd ed. Manual for staging of cancer. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1983;
  22. A proposal for a new TNM classification of esophageal carcinoma. The Japanese Committee for Registration of Esophageal Carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1985;14:625–636
  23. In: Hermanek P, Sobin LH editor. TNM classification of malignant tumours. 4th ed. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1987;
  24. Parameters linked to ten-years survival in Japan in resected cases of esophageal carcinoma. The Japanese Committee for Registration of Esophageal Carcinoma. Chest. 1989;96:1005–1011
  25. In: Sobin LH, Wittkind CH editor. TNM classification of malignant tumours. 5th ed.. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 1997;
  26. Skinner DB, Little AG, Ferguson MK, Soriano A, Staszak VM. Selection of operation for esophageal cancer based on staging. Ann Surg. 1986;204:391–401
  27. Ellis FHJ, Watkins EJ, Krasna MJ, Heatley GJ, Balogh K. Staging of carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia: a comparison of different staging criteria. J Surg Oncol. 1993;52:231–235
  28. Wobst A, Audisio RA, Colleoni M, Geraghty JG. Oesophageal cancer treatment: studies, strategies and facts. Ann Oncol. 1998;9:951–962
  29. Casson AG, Rusch VW, Inculet RI, Ginsberg RJ, Zankowicz N, Rosenberg JC, et al. Lymph node mapping for resectable carcinoma of the esophagus: a guide for thoracic surgeons. Princeton (NJ): Bistol-Myers Oncology Division; 1992;
  30. Hishinuma T. Radiotherapy of esophageal cancer: clinical usefulness of new grouping [Japanese]. Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi. 1997;57:195–202
  31. Tanisada K, Teshima T, Ikeda H, Abe M, Yamashita T, Nishio M, et al. Prognostic factors for patients with esophageal cancer treated with radiation therapy in PCS: a preliminary study. Radiat Med. 1998;16:461–468
  32. Rice TW, Zuccaro GJ, Adelstein DJ, Rybicki LA, Blackstone EH, Goldblum JR. Esophageal carcinoma: depth of tumor invasion is predictive of regional lymph node status. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:787–792
  33. Liu CC, Fahn HJ, Li WY, Wu YC, Huang MH, Wang LS. Lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the intrathoracic esophagus. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chili. 1998;61:77–84
  34. In: Beahrs OH, Henson DE, Hunter RVP, Kennedy BJ editor. 4th ed.. Manual for staging of cancer. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1992;
  35. Wijnhoven BPL, Siersema PD, Hop WCJ, van Dekken H, Tilanus HW. Adenocarcinomas of the distal oesophagus and gastric cardia are one clinical entity. Rotterdam Oesopahgeal Tumour Study Group. Br J Surg. 1999;86:529–535
  36. Sierwert JR, Stein HJ. Classification of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction. Br J Surg. 1998;85:1457–1459
  37. Lal N, Bhasin DK, Malik AK, Gupta NM, Singh K, Mehta SK. Optimal number of biopsy specimens in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the oesophagus. Gut. 1992;33:724–726
  38. Witzel L, Halter F, Gretillat PA, Scheurer U, Keller M. Evaluation of specific value of endoscopic biopsies and brush cytology for malignancies of the oesophagus and stomach. Gut. 1976;17:375–377
  39. Hanson JT, Thoreson C, Morrissey JF. Brush cytology in the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal malignancy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1980;26:33–35
  40. Misumi A, Harada K, Murakami A, Arima K, Kondo H, Akagi M, et al. Role of Lugol dye endoscopy in the diagnosis of early esophageal cancer. Endoscopy. 1990;22:12–16
  41. Misumi A, Harada K, Murakami A, Arima K, Kondo H, Akagi M, et al. Early diagnosis of esophageal cancer: analysis of 11 cases of esophageal mucosal cancer. Ann Surg. 1989;210:732–739
  42. Contini S, Consigh GF, Di Lecce F, Chiapasco M, Ferri T, Orsi P. Vital staining of oesophagus in patients with head and neck cancer: still a worthwhile procedure. Ital J Gastroenterol. 1991;23:5–8
  43. Yoshinaka H, Shimazu H, Fukumoto T, Baba M. Superficial esophageal carcinoma: a clinicopathological review of 59 cases. Am J Gastroenterol. 1991;86:1413–1418
  44. Tanaka Y, Yasuda K, Aibe T, Fuji T, Kawai K. Anatomical and pathological aspects in ultrasonic endoscopy for GI tract. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1984;94:43–50
  45. Tio TL, Tytgat GN. Endoscopic ultrasonography of normal and pathologic upper gastrointestinal wall structure: comparison of studies in vivo and in vitro with histology. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1986;123:27–33
  46. Holden A, Mendelson R, Edmunds S. Pre-operative staging of gastro-oesophageal junction carcinoma: comparison of endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography. Australas Radiol. 1996;40:206–612
  47. Hacklander T, Ziegenhahn E, Katoh E, Jungblut RM, Modder U. Dependence of axis deviation in the esophagram on computerized tomography determined wall thickness and its value in assessing depth of invasion of esophageal carcinoma [German]. Aktuelle Radiologie. 1997;7:173–178
  48. Zuccaro GJ, Rice TW, Goldblum J, Medendorp SV, Becker M, Pimentel R, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound cannot determine suitability for esophagectomy after aggressive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:906–912
  49. Hunerbein M, Ghadimi BM, Haensch W, Schlag PM. Transendoscopic ultrasound of esophageal and gastric cancer using miniaturized ultrasound catheter probes. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;48:371–375
  50. Catalano MF, Alcocer E, Chak A, Nguyen CC, Raijman I, Geenen JE, et al. Evaluation of metastatic celiac axis lymph nodes in patients with esophageal carcinoma: accuracy of EUS. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;50:352–356
  51. Natsugoe S, Yoshinaka H, Morinaga T, Shimada M, Baba M, Fukumoto T, et al. Ultrasonographic detection of lymph-node metastases in superficial carcinoma of the esophagus. Endoscopy. 1996;28:674–679
  52. Massari M, Cioffi U, De Simone M, Lattuada E, Montorsi M, Segalin A, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography for preoperative staging of esophageal carcinoma. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1997;7:162–165
  53. Chandawarkar RY, Kakegawa T, Fujita H, Yamana H, Toh Y, Fujitoh H. Endosonography for preoperative staging of specific nodal groups associated with esophageal cancer. World J Surg. 1996;20:700–702
  54. Botet JF, Lightdale CJ, Zauber AG. Preoperative staging of esophageal cancer: comparison of endoscopic US and dynamic CT. Radiology. 1991;181:419–425
  55. Grimm H, Binmoeller KF, Soehendra N. Ultrasonic esophagoprobe (prototype 1). Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;38:490–493
  56. Souquet JC, Napoleon B, Pujol B, Valette PJ, Chollet R, Lambert R. Endosonographyguided treatment of esophageal carcinoma. Endoscopy. 1992;24(suppl 1):324–328
  57. Tio TL, Coene PP, Schouwink MH, Tytgat GN. Esophagogastric carcinoma: preoperative TNM classification with endosonography. Radiology. 1989;173:411–417
  58. Tio TL, Cohen P, Coene PP, Udding J, den Hartog J, Tytgat GN. Gastroenterology. Endosonography and computed tomography of esophageal carcinoma: preoperative classification compared to the new (1987) TNM system. 1989;96:1478–1486
  59. Ziegler K. Evaluation of endosonography in TN staging of oesophageal cancer. Gut. 1991;32:16–20
  60. Ziegler K, Sanft C, Zimmer T, Zeitz M, Felsenberg D, Stein H, et al. Comparison of computed tomography, endosonography, and intraoperative assessment in TN staging of gastric carcinoma. Gut. 1993;34:604–610
  61. Pham T, Roach E, Falk GL, Chu J, Ngu MC, Jones DB. Staging of oesophageal carcinoma by endoscopic ultrasound: preliminary experience. Aust NZ J Sung. 1998;68:209–212
  62. Vickers J, Alderson D. Influence of luminal obstruction on oesophageal cancer staging using endoscopic ultrasonography. Br J Surg. 1998;85:999–1001
  63. Vickers J, Alderson D. Oesophageal cancer staging using endoscopic ultrasonography. Br J Surg. 1998;85:994–998
  64. Hasegawa N, Niwa Y, Arisawa T, Hase S, Goto H, Hayakawa T. Preoperative staging of superficial esophageal carcinoma: comparison of an ultrasound probe and standard endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;44:388–393
  65. Hiele M, De Leyn P, Schurmans P, Lerut A, Huys S, Geboes K, et al. Relation between endoscopic ultrasound findings and outcome of patients with tumors of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;45:381–386
  66. Luketich JD, Schauer P, Landreneau R, Nguyen N, Urso K, Ferson P, et al. Minimally invasive surgical staging is superior to endoscopic ultrasound in detecting lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;114:817–821
  67. Reed CE, Mishra G, Sahai AV, Hoffman BJ, Hawes RH. Esophageal cancer staging: improved accuracy by endoscopic ultrasound of celiac lymph nodes. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:319–321
  68. Laterza E, de Manzoni G, Guglielmi A, Rodella L, Tedesco P, Cordiano C. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the staging of esophageal carcinoma after preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:1466–1469
  69. Isenberg G, Chak A, Canto MI, Levitan N, Clayman J, Pollack BJ, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound in restaging of esophageal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;48:158–1563
  70. Rice TW, Boyce GA, Sivak MV. Esophageal ultrasound and the preoperative staging of carcinoma of the esophagus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;101:536–544
  71. Fockens P, Van den Brande JH, van Dullemen HM, van Lanschot JJ, Tytgat GN. Endosonographic T-staging of esophageal carcinoma: a learning curve. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;44:58–62
  72. Schlick T, Heintz A, Junginger T. The examiner's learning effect and its influence on the quality of endoscopic ultrasonography in carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Surg Endosc. 1999;13:894–898
  73. Van Dam J, Rice TW, Catalano MF, Kirby T, Sivak MVJ. High-grade malignant stricture is predictive of esophageal tumor stage: risks of endosonographic evaluation. Cancer. 1993;71:2910–2917
  74. Dittler HJ, Siewert JR. Role of endoscopic ultrasonography in esophageal carcinoma. Endoscopy. 1993;25:156–161
  75. Nesje LB, Odegaard S, Kimmey MB. Transendoscopic ultrasonography during conventional upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: clinical evaluation of a linear 20MHz probe system. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997;32:500–508
  76. Kim LS, Koch J. Do we practice what we preach? Clinical decision making and utilization of endoscopic ultrasound for staging esophageal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:1847–1852
  77. Wiersema MJ, Kochman ML, Chak A, Cramer HM, Kesler KA. Real-time endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of a mediastinal lymph node. Gastrointest Endosc. 1993;39:429–431
  78. Krasna MJ, McLaughlin JS. Thoracoscopic lymph node staging for esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;56:671–674
  79. Krasna MJ, Reed CE, Jaklitsch MT, Cushing D, Sugarbaker DJ. Thoracoscopic staging of esophageal cancer: a prospective, multiinstitutional trial. Cancer and leukemia Group B Thoracic Surgeons. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;60:1337–1340
  80. Krasna MJ. Role of thoracoscopic lymph node staging for lung and esophageal cancer. Oncology (Huntingt). 1996;10:793–802
  81. Luketich JD, Schauer P, Urso K, Townsend DW, Belani CP, Cidis MC, et al. Minimally invasive surgical biopsy confirms PET findings in esophageal cancer. Surg Endosc. 1997;11:1213–1215
  82. Watanabe N, Hirano T, Fukushima Y, Yukihiro M, Aoyagi K, Tomiyoshi K, et al. Esophageal cancer detection with Tc-99m tetrofosmin SPECT. Clin Nucl Med. 1997;22:431–433
  83. Couper GW, McAteer D, Wallis F, Norton M, Welch A, Nicolson M, et al. Detection of response to chemotherapy using positron emission tomography in patients with oesophageal and gastric cancer. Br J Surg. 1998;85:1403–1406
  84. Fukunaga T, Okazumi S, Koide Y, Isono K, Imazeki K. Evaluation of esophageal cancers using fluorine- l8-fluorodeoxyglucose PET. J Nucl Med. 1998;39:1002–1007
  85. Luketich JD, Friedman DM, Weigel TL, Meehan MA, Keenan RJ, Townsend DW, et al. Evaluation of distant metastases in esophageal cancer: 100 consecutive positron emission tomography scans. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68:1133–1136
  86. Luketich JD, Schauer PR, Meltzer CC, Landreneau RJ, Urso GK, Townsend DW, et al. Role of positron emission tomography in staging esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;64:765–769
  87. Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Sackett D. Users' guides to the medical literature; III: how to use an article about a diagnostic test; A. Are the results of the study valid?. JAMA. 1994;271:389–391
  88. Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Sackett D. Users' guides to the medical literature; III: how to use an article about a diagnostic test; B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients?. 1994;271:703–707
  89. McAteer D, Wallis F, Couper G, Norton M, Welch A, Bruce D, et al. Evaluation of 18F-FDG positron emission tomography in gastric and oesophageal carcinoma. Br J Radiol. 1999;72:525–529
  90. Block MI, Patterson GA, Sundaresan RS, Bailey MS, Flanagan FL, Dehdashti F, et al. Improvement in staging of esophageal cancer with the addition of positron emission tomography. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;64:770–776
  91. Rankin SC, Taylor H, Cook GJ, Mason R. Computed tomography and positron emission tomography in the pre-operative staging of oesophageal carcinoma. Clin Radiol. 1998;53:659–665
  92. Kole AC, Plukker JT, Nieweg OE, Vaalburg W. Positron emission tomography for staging of oesophageal and gastroesophageal malignancy. Br J Cancer. 1998;78:521–527
  93. Flanagan FL, Dehdashti F, Siegel BA, Trask DD, Sundaresan SR, Patterson GA, et al. Staging of esophageal cancer with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;168:417–424
  94. Lehr L, Rupp N, Siewart JR. Assessment of resectability of esophageal cancer by computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Surgery. 1988;103:344–350
  95. Stoker J, van Velthuysen ML, van Overhagen H, van Kempen D, Tilanus HW, Lameris JS. Esophageal carcinoma: ex vivo endoluminal magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Radiol. 1999;34:58–64
  96. Yamada I, Murata Y, Izumi Y, Kawano T, Endo M, Kuroiwa T, et al. Staging of esophageal carcinoma in vitro with 4.7-T MR imaging. Radiology. 1997;204:521–526
  97. Kulling D, Feldman DR, Kay CL, Hoffman BJ, Reed CE, Young JW, et al. Local staging of esophageal cancer using endoscopic magnetic resonance imaging: prospective comparison with endoscopic ultrasound. Endoscopy. 1998;30:745–749
  98. Chandawarkar RY, Kakegawa T, Fujita H, Yamana H, Hayabuthi N. Comparative analysis of imaging modalities in the preoperative assessment of nodal metastasis in esophageal cancer. J Surg Oncol. 1996;61:214–217
  99. Cuschieri A. Invited introduction: treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1991;73:1–3
  100. Coia LR. Esophageal cancer: is esophagectomy necessary?. Oncology (Huntingt). 1989;3:101–111
  101. O'Reilly S, Forastiere AA. Is surgery necessary with multimodaiity treatment of oesophageal cancer?. Ann Oncol. 1995;6:519–521
  102. Earlam R. An MRC Prospective randomised trial of radiotherapy versus surgery for operable squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1991;73:8–12
  103. Akiyama H, Miyazono H, Tsurumaru M, Hashimoto C, Kawamura T. Thoracoabdominal approach for carcinoma of the cardia of the stomach. Am J Surg. 1979;137:345–349
  104. Peracchia A, Bardini R, Segalin A, Tremolada C, Ruol A. Il trattamento chirurgico del carcinoma dell'esofago toracico. Minerva Chir. 1989;44:95–99
  105. Skinner DB. En bloc resection for neoplasms of the esophagus and cardia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983;85:59–71
  106. Skinner DB, Little AG, Ferguson MK, Soriano A, Staszak VM. Selection of operation for esophageal cancer based on staging. Ann Surg. 1986;204:391–401
  107. Wong J. Esophageal resection for cancer: the rationale of current practice. Am J Surg. 1987;153:18–24
  108. Akiyama H, Tsurumaru M, Udagawa H, Kajiyama Y. Radical lymph node dissection for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Ann Surg. 1994;220:364–372
  109. Finley RJ, Inculet RI. The results of esophagogastrectomy without thoracotomy for adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. Ann Sarg. 1989;210:535–542
  110. Holscher AH, Voit H, Buttermann G, Siewert JR. Function of the intrathoracic stomach as esophageal replacement. World J Surg. 1988;12:835–844
  111. Cheung HC, Siu KF, Wong J. Is pyloroplasty necessary in esophageal replacement by stomach? A prospective, randomized controlled trial. Surgery. 1987;102:19–24
  112. Fok M, Cheng SW, Wong J. Pyloroplasty versus no drainage in gastric replacement of the esophagus. Am J Surg. 1991;162:447–452
  113. Law S, Fok M, Chu KM, Wong J. Comparison of hand-sewn and stapled esophagogastric anastomosis after esophageal resection for cancer: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 1997;226:169–173
  114. Manjari R, Padhy AK, Chattopadhyay TK. Emptying of the intrathoracic stomach using three different pylorus drainage procedures: results of a comparative study. Surg Today. 1996;26:581–585
  115. Saeki M, Tsuchida Y, Ogata T, Nakano M, Akiyama H. Long-term results of jejunal replacement of the esophagus. J Pediatr Surg. 1988;23:483–489
  116. Gawad KA, Hosch SB, Bumann D, Lubeck M, Moneke LC, Bloechle C, et al. How important is the route of reconstruction after esophagectomy: a prospective randomized study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:1490–1496
  117. Bartels H, Thorban S, Siewert JR. Anterior versus posterior reconstruction after transhiatal oesophagectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Surg. 1993;80:1141–1144
  118. Orringer MB, Marshall B, Iannettoni MD. Transhiatal esophagectomy: clinical experience and refinements. Ann Surg. 1999;230:392–400
  119. Craig SR, Walker WS, Cameron EW, Wightman AJ. A prospective randomized study comparing stapled with handsewn oesophagogastric anastomoses. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1996;41:17–19
  120. Laterza E, de' MG, Veraldi GF, Guglielmi A, Tedesco P, Cordiano C. Manual compared with mechanical' cervical oesophagogastric anastomosis: a randomised trial. Eur J Surg. 1999;165:1051–1054
  121. Law S, Cheung MC, Fok M, Chu KM, Wong J. Pyloroplasty and pyloromyotomy in gastric replacement of the esophagus after esophagectomy: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Coll Surg. 1997;184:630–636
  122. Orringer MB. Technical aids in performing transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 1984;38:128–132
  123. Orringer MB. Transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy for carcinoma of the esophagus. Adv Surg. 1986;19:1–49
  124. Chu KM, Law SY, Fok M, Wong J. A prospective randomized comparison of transhiatal and transthoracie resection for lower-third esophageal carcinoma. Am J Surg. 1997;174:320–324
  125. Goldminc M, Maddern G, Le Prise E, Meunier B, Campion JP, Launois B. Oesophagectomy by a transhiatal approach or thoracotomy: a prospective randomized trial. Br J Surg. 1993;80:367–370
  126. Jacobi CA, Zieren IIU, Muller JM, Pichimaier H. Surgical therapy of esophageal carcinoma: the influence of surgical approach and esophageal resection on cardiopulmonary function. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1997;11:32–37
  127. Akiyama H, Tsurumaru M, Ono Y, Udagawa H, Matsuda M, Kajiyama Y. Transoral esophagectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1991;173:399–400
  128. Domene CE, Volpe P, Santo MA, Onari P, Campos JR, Pinotti HW. Esofagectomia por videocirurgia. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo. 1998;53:134–138
  129. Kawahara K, Maekawa T, Okabayashi K, Hideshima T, Shiraishi T, Yoshinaga Y, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Surg Endosc. 1999;13:218–223
  130. Luketich JD, Nguyen NT, Weigel T, Ferson P, Keenan R, Schauer P. Minimally invasive approach to esophagectomy. J Soc Laparoendosc Surg. 1998;2:243–247
  131. Sammartino P, Chirletti P, Calcaterra D, Cardi M, Caronna R, Biacchi D, et al. Videoassisted transhiatal esophagectomy for cancer. Int Surg. 1997;82:406–410
  132. Yahata H, Sugino K, Takiguchi T, Yoshioka S, Tanji H, Shinozaki K, et al. Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy for advanced thoracic esophageal cancer. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1997;7:13–16
  133. a.Liu HP, Chang CH, Lin PJ, Chang JP. Video-assisted endoscopic esophagectomy with stapled intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis. World J Surg. 1995;19:745–747
  134. Available from: URL: Earle C, Maroun J, Zuraw L Gastrointestinal Cancer Disease Site Group. Neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy for resectable esophageal cancer.
  135. Fowler JF. The linear-quadratic formula and progress in fractionated radiotherapy. Br J Radiol. 1989;62:679–694
  136. Coia LR, Sauter ER. Esophageal cancer. Curr Probl Cancer. 1994;18:189–247
  137. Arnott SJ, William D, Gignoux M, Girling D, Hansen HS, Launois B, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal carcinoma: a meta-analysis using individual patient data (oesophageal cancer collaborative group). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;41:579–583
  138. Oesophageal Cancer Collaborative Group. Preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal carcinoma. In: Cochrane Library Issue 4. Oxford: Update Softward; 1999;
  139. Launois B, Delarue D, Campion JP, Kerbaol M. Preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1981;153:690–692
  140. Gignoux M, Roussel A, Paillot B, Gillet M, Schlag P, Favre JP, et al. The value of preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal cancer: results of a study of the EORTC. World J Surg. 1987;11:426–432
  141. Nygaard K, Hagen S, Hansen HS, Hatlevoll R, Hultborn R, Jakobsen A, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy prolongs, survival in operable esophageal carcinoma: a randomized, multicenter study of pre-operative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The second Scandinavian trial in esophageal cancer. World J Surg. 1992;16:1104–1110
  142. Arnott SJ, Duncan W, Kerr GR, Walbaum PR, Cameron E, Jack WJ, et al. Low dose preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the oesophagus: results of a randomized clinical trial. Radiother Oncol. 1992;24:108–113
  143. Wang M, Gu XZ, Yin WB, Huang GJ, Wang LJ, Zhang DW. Randomized clinical trial on the combination of preoperative irradiation and surgery in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma: report on 206 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;16:325–327
  144. Schlag P. Randomized study of preoperative chemotherapy in squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. CAO Esophageal Cancer Study Group. Chirurg. 1992;63:709–714
  145. Maipang T, Vasinanukorn P, Petpichetchian C, Chamroonkul S, Geater A, Chansawwaang S, et al. Induction chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. J Surg Oncol. 1994;56:191–197
  146. Law S, Fok M, Chow S, Chu KM, Wong J. Preoperative chemotherapy versus surgical therapy alone for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a prospective randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;114:210–217
  147. [abstract] Kok TC, Lanscho JV, Siersema PD, Overhagen HV Tilanus HW Rotterdam Esophageal Tumor Study Group. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in operable esophageal squamous cell cancer: final report of a phase III multicenter randomized controlled trial. In: Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol. 16:1997;p. 984
  148. Kelsen DP, Ginsberg R, Pajak TF, Sheahan DG, Gunderson L, Mortimer J, et al. Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1979–1984
  149. Roth JA, Pass HI, Flanagan MM, Graeber GM, Rosenberg JC, Steinberg S. Randomized clinical trial of preoperative and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin, vindesine, and bleomycin for carcinoma of the esophagus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;96:242–248
  150. Malthaner R, Fenlon D. Preoperative chemotherapy for resectable esophageal cancer. In: Cochrane Library Issue 4. Oxford: Update Softward; 1999;
  151. Bhansali MS, Vaidya JS, Bhatt RG, Patil PK, Badwe RA, Desai PB. Chemotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: a comparison of evidence from meta-analysis of randomized trials and of historical control studies. Ann Oncol. 1996;7:355–359
  152. Ando N, Iizuka T, Kakegawa T, Isono K, Watanabe H, Ide H, et al. A randomized trial of surgery with and without chemotherapy for localized squamous carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: the Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;114:205–209
  153. Pouliquen X, Levard H, Hay JM, McGee K, Fingerhut A, Langlois-Zantin O. 5-Fluorouracil and cisplatin therapy after palliative surgical resection of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a multicenter randomized trial. French Associations for Surgical Research. Ann Surg. 1996;223:127–133
  154. Zieren HU, Muller JM, Jacobi CA, Pichlmaier H, Muller RP, Staar S. Adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy after curative resection of squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: a prospective randomized study. World J Surg. 1995;19:444–449
  155. Fok M, Sham JS, Choy D, Cheng SW, Wong J. Postoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: a prospective, randomized controlled study. Surgery. 1993;113:138–147
  156. Teniere P, Hay JM, Fingerhut A, Fagniez PL. Postoperative radiation therapy does not increase survival after curative resection for squamous cell carcinoma of the middle and lower esophagus as shown by a multicenter controlled trial. French University Association for Surgical Research. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1991;173:123–130
  157. Le Prise E, Etienne PL, Meunier B, Maddern G, Ben Hassel M, Gedouin D, et al. A randomized study of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery versus surgery for localized squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer. 1994;73:1779–1784
  158. Apinop C, Puttisak P, Preecha N. A prospective study of combined therapy in esophageal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 1994;41:391–393
  159. Walsh TN, Noonan N, Hollywood D, Kelly A, Keeling N, Hennessy TP. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:462–467
  160. Bosset JF, Gignoux M, Triboulet JP, Tiret E, Mantion G, Elias D, et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone in squamous-cell cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:161–167
  161. abstract Urba S, Orringer M, Turrisi A, Whyte R, Natale R, Iannettoni M, et al. A randomized trial comparing transhiatial esophagectomy (THE) to preoperative concurrent chemoradiation (CT/XRT) followed by esophagectomy in locoregional esophageal carcinoma (CA). In: Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol. 14:1995;p. A475
  162. [abstract] Launois B. A randomized study of chemoradiotherapy and surgery for esophageal cancer. In: Proceedings of the International Congress on Cancer of the Esophagus: Recent Advances in Biology, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment. 1994 June Genoa, Italy. 1992;p. 7–10
  163. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Metaanalysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7:177–188
  164. Tai P, Van Dyk J, Yu E, Battista J, Stitt L, Coad T. Variability of target volume delineation in cervical esophageal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;42:277–288
  165. Weil MD, Roach M, Pickett B, Young B, Kuerth S, Phillips TL. 3D conformal radiotherapy in the sagittal plane for centrally located thoracic tumors. Med Dosimetry. 1995;20:11–14
  166. Available from: URL: Provincial Gastrointestinal Disease Site Group. Combined modatity radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the non-surgical management of localized carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer Care Ontario Practice Guidelines Initiative. 2000;
  167. Bourhis J, Eschwege F. Radiotherapy-chemotherapy combinations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: overview of randomized trials. Anticancer Res. 1996;16:2397–2402
  168. Thomas G. Improved treatment for cervical cancer: concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1198–1200
  169. Stafford SL, Martenson JA. Combined radiation and chemotherapy for carcinoma of the anal canal. Oncology (Huntingt). 1998;12:373–377
  170. Hukku S, Fernandes P, Vasishta S, Sharma VK. Radiation therapy alone and in combination with bleomycin and 5-fluorouracil in advanced carcinoma esophagus. Indian J Cancer. 1989;26:131–136
  171. Kolaric K. Combination of cytostatics and radiation: a new trend in the treatment of inoperable esophageal cancer. Prog Clin Bioi Res. 1985;201:259–282
  172. Smith TJ, Ryan LM, Douglass HO, Haller DG, Dayal Y, Kirkwood J, et al. Combined chemoradiotherapy vs radiotherapy alone for early stage squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;42:269–276
  173. Dinshaw KA, Sharma V, Pendse AM, Telang CS, Vege SS, Malliat MK, et al. The role of intraluminal radiotherapy and concurrent 5-fluorouracil infusion in the management of carcinoma esophagus: a pilot study. J Surg Oncol. 1991;47:155–160
  174. Roussel A, Bleiberg H, Dalesio O, Jacob JH, Haegele P, Jung GM, et al. Palliative therapy of inoperable oesophageal carcinoma with radiotherapy and methotrexate: final results of a controlled clinical trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;16:67–72
  175. Zhou JC. Randomized trial of combined chemotherapy including high dose cisplatin and radiotherapy for esophageal cancer [Chinese]. Chung Hua Chung Liu Tsa Chih. 1991;13:291–294
  176. Hatlevoll R, Hagen S, Hansen HS, Hultborn R, Jakobsen A, Mantyla M, et al. Bleomycin/cis-platin as neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radical radiotherapy in localized, inoperable carcinoma of the esophagus: A prospective randomized mul ticentre study. The second Scandinavian trial in esophageal cancer. Radiother Oncol. 1992;24:114–116
  177. Cooper JS, Guo MD, Herskovic A, Macdonald JS, Martenson JA, al-Sarraf M, et al. Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer: long term follow-up of a prospective randomized trial RTOG 85-01. JAMA. 1999;281:1623–1627
  178. Slabber CF, Nel JS, Schoeman L, Burger W, Falkson G, Falkson CI. A randomized study of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy plus 5-Fluorouracil and platinum in patients with inoperable, locally advanced squamous cancer of the esophagus. Am J Clin Oncol. 1998;21:462–465
  179. Kaneta T, Takai Y, Nemoto K, Kakuto Y, Ogawa Y, Ariga H, et al. Effect of combination chemotherapy with daily low dose CDDP for esophageal cancer: results of a randomized trial. Jpn J Cancer Chemother. 1997;24:2099–2104
  180. [abstract Roussel A, Haegele P, Paillot B, Gignoux M, Marinus A, Sahmoud T, et al. Results of the EORTC-GTCCG Phase III trial of irradiation vs irradiation and CDDP in inoperable esophageal cancer. In: Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol. 13:1994;p. A583
  181. Araujo CM, Souhami L, Gil RA, Carvalho R, Garcia JA, Froimtchuk MJ, et al. A randomized trial comparing radiation therapy versus concomitant radiation therapy and chemotherapy in carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Cancer. 1991;67:2258–2261
  182. Andersen AP, Berdal P, Edsmyr F, Hagen S, Hatlevoll R, Nygaard K, et al. Irradiation, chemotherapy and surgery in esophageal cancer: a randomized clinical study. The first Scandinavian trial in esophageal cancer. Radiother Oncol. 1984;2:179–188
  183. Zhang Z. Radiation combined with bleomycin for esophageal carcinoma: a randomized study of 99 patients. Chung Hua Chung Liu Tsa Chih. 1984;6:372–374
  184. Earle JD, Gelber RD, Moertel CG, Hahn RG. A controlled evaluation of combined radiation and bleomycin therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1980;6:821–826
  185. Kolaric K, Roth A, Dujmovic I. The value of two combined chemoradiotherapy approaches in the treatment of inoperable esophageal cancer. Tumori. 1984;70:69–75
  186. [abstract] Kolaric K, Zupanc D, Tometic Z. Radiation alone vs radiation + chemotherapy (DDP + 5FU) in locoregionally advanced esophageal cancer: preliminary report of a prospective randomized study. Ann Oncol. 1990;1:43
  187. [abstract] Kolaric K, Zupanc D, Zivkovic M. Radiation alone vs radiochemotherapy (DDP + 5FU) in locoregionally advanced esophageal cancer: report of a prospective randomized study. Ann Oncol. 1992;3:68
  188. [abstract] Kolaric K, Zupanc D, Zivkovic M. Chemoradiotherapy vs radiation alone in locoregionally advanced esophageal cancer: report of a prospective randomized study. Athens, Greece In: Presented at: Eighth Mediterranean Congress of Chemotherapy. 1992 May 24–29;
  189. [abstract] Kolaric K, Zupanc D, Zivkovic M. Radiation alone vs radiochemotherapy (DDP + 5FU) in locoregionally advanced esophageal cancer: interim report of a prospective randomized study. In: Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1:1992;p. LA516
  190. [abstract] Kolaric K, Zupanc D, Tometic Z. Radiation alone vs radiation + chemotherapy (DDP + 5FU) in locoreginally advanced esophageal cancer: preliminary report of a prospective randomized study. In: Presented at: Third International Congress on the Neo-adjuvant Chemotherapy. 1991;
  191. Okawa T, Dokiya T, Nishio M, Hishikawa Y, Morita K. Multi-institutional randomized trial of external radiotherapy with and without intraluminal brachytherapy for esophageal cancer in Japan. Japanese Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (JASTRO) Study Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;45:623–628
  192. Adam A, Ellul J, Watkinson AF, Tan BS, Morgan RA, Saunders MP, et al. Palliation of inoperable esophageal carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial of laser therapy and stent placement. Radiology. 1997;202:344–348
  193. De Palma GD, di Matteo E, Romano G, Fimmano A, Rondinone G, Catanzano C. Plastic prosthesis versus expandable metal stents for palliation of inoperable esophageal thoracic carcinoma: a controlled prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;43:478–482
  194. Siersema PD, Hop WC, Dees J, Tilanus HW, van Blankenstein M. Coated self-expanding metal stents versus latex prostheses for esophagogastric cancer with special reference to prior radiation and chemotherapy: a controlled, prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;47:113–120
  195. Sanyika C, Corr P, Haffejee A. Palliative treatment of oesophageal carcinoma—efficacy of plastic versus self-expandable stents. S Afr Med J. 1999;89:640–643
  196. Knyrim K, Wagner HJ, Bethge N, Keymling M, Vakil N. A controlled trial of an expansile metal stent for palliation of esophageal obstruction due to inoperable cancer. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1302–1307
  197. Reed CE, Marsh WH, Carlson LS, Seymore CH, Kratz JM. Prospective, randomized trial of palliative treatment for unresectable cancer of the esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;51:552–555
  198. Sargeant IR, Tobias JS, Blackman G, Thorpe S, Glover JR, Bown SG. Radiotherapy enhances laser palliation of malignant dysphagia: a randomised study. Gut. 1997;40:362–369
  199. Kolaric K, Maricic Z, Roth A, Dujmovic I. Combination of bleomycin and Adriamycin with and without radiation in the treatment of inoperable esophageal cancer: a randomized study. Cancer. 1980;45:2265–2273
  200. Schmid EU, Alberts AS, Greeff F, Terblanche APS, Schoeman L, Burger W, et al. The value of radiotherapy or chemotherapy after intubation for advanced esophageal carcinoma-A prospective randomized trial. Radiother Oncol. 1993;28:27–30
  201. Jensen DM, Machicado G, Randall G, Tung LA, English-Zych S. Comparison of low-power YAG laser and BICAP tumor probe for palliation of esophageal cancer structures. Gastroenterol. 1988;94:1263–1270
  202. Kharadi MY, Qadir A, Khan FA, Khuroo MS. Comparative evaluation of therapeutic approaches in stage III and IV squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus with conventional radiotherapy and endoscopic treatment in combination and endoscopic treatment alone: a randomized prospective trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;39:309–320
  203. Sur RK, Donde B, Levin VC, Mannell A. Fractionated high dose rate intraluminal brachytherapy in palliation of advanced esophageal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;40:447–453
  204. Tan CC, Freeman JG, Holmes GK, Benghiat A. Laser therapy combined with brachytherapy for the palliation of malignant dysphagia. Singapore Med J. 1998;39:202–207
  205. Low DE, Pagliero KM. Prospective randomized clinical trial comparing brachytherapy and laser photoablation for palliation of esophageal cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;104:173–178
  206. Sander R, Hagenmueller F, Sander C, Riess G, Classen M. Laser versus laser plus afterloading with iridium-192 in the palliative treatment of malignant stenosis of the esophagus: a prospective, randomized, and controlled study. Gastrointest Endosc. 1991;37:433–440
  207. Ries G, Topfer M, Hagenmuller F, Sander C, Sander R. Palliative treatment in malignant stenoses of esophagus and cardia: laser therapy versus laser + high-doserate-iridium-192 afterloading therapy: a prospective randomized study. Strahlenther Onkol. 1989;165:584–586
  208. Levard H, Pouliquen X, Hay JM, Fingerhut A, Langlois-Zantain O, Huguier M, et al. 5-Fluorouracil and cisplatin as palliative treatment of advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The French Associations for Surgical Research. Eur J Sung. 1998;164:849–857
  209. Mannell A, Becker PJ, Melissas J, Diamantes T. Intubation v. dilatation plus bleomycin in the treatment of advanced oesophageal cancer: the results of a prospective randomized trial. S Afr J Surg. 1986;24:15–19
  210. Andersen AP, Berdal P, Edsmyr F, Hagen S, Hatlevoll R, Nygaard K, et al. Irradiation, chemotherapy and surgery in esophageal cancer: a randomized clinical study. The first Scandinavian trial in esophageal cancer. Radiother Oncol. 1984;2:179–188
  211. Kolaric K, Roth A, Dujmovic I. The value of two combined chemoradiotherapy approaches in the treatment of inoperable esophageal cancer. Tumori. 1984;70:69–75
  212. Ezdinli EZ, Gelber R, Desai DV, Falkson G, Moertel CG, Hahn RG. Chemotherapy of advanced esophageal carcinoma: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group experience. Cancer. 1980;46:2149–2153
  213. Webb A, Cunningham D, Scarffe JH, Harper P, Norman A, Joffe JK, et al. Randomized trial comparing epirubicin, cisplatin, and fluorouracil versus fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and methotrexate in advanced esophagogastric cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:261–267
  214. Ancona E, Bardini R, Ruol A, Andreotti F, Cusumano A, Spreafico G, et al. Immunostimulation with levamisole in inoperable immunostimulation with levamisole in inoperable cancer of the esophagus. Min Med. 1983;74:1623–1983
  215. Alberts AS, Burger W, Greeff F, Schoeman L, Friediger D, Nel J, et al. Severe complications of 5 FU and cisplatin with concomitant radiotherapy in inoperable nonmetastatic squamous cell oesophagus cancer after intubation: early termination of a prospective randomized trial. Eur J Cancer. 1992;28A:1006–1007
  216. Herskovic A, Martz K, al-Sarraf M, Leichman L, Brindle J, Vaitkevicius V, et al. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in patients with cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1593–1598
  217. Coia LR, Minsky BD, John MJ, Haller D, Landry J, Pisansky TM, et al. Patterns of care study decision tree and management guidelines for esophageal cancer. Radiat Med. 1998;16:321–327
  218. NCCN practice guidelines for upper gastrointestinal carcinomas. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Oncology. 1998;12:179–223
  219. published erratum appears in Ginsberg R, Roth J, Fergusson M. Esophageal cancer surgical practice guidelines. Esophageal Cancer Practice Guideline Committee. Oncology (Huntingt). 1997;11:1323Ginsberg R.published erratum appears in Roth J, Fergusson M. Esophageal cancer surgical practice guidelines. Esophageal Cancer Practice Guideline Committee. Oncology (Huntingt). 1997;11:1059–1062
  220. Gaspar LE, Nag S, Herskovic A, Mantravadi R, Speiser B. American Brachytherapy Society (ABS) consensus guidelines for brachytherapy of esophageal cancer. In: Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 38:Clinical Research Committee, American Brachytherapy Society; 1997;p. 127–132
  221. Mannell A, Murray W. Oesophageal cancer in South Africa: a review of 1926 cases. Cancer. 1989;64:2604–2608
  222. Oliver SE, Robertson CS, Logan RE. Oesophageal cancer: a population-based study of survival after treatment. Br J Surg. 1992;79:1321–1325
  223. Daly JM, Karnell LH, Menck HR. National Cancer Data Base report on esophageal carcinoma. Cancer. 1996;78:1820–1828
  224. Coia LR, Minsky BD, John MJ, Haller DG, Landry J, Pisansky TM, et al. The evaluation and treatment of patients receiving radiation therapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: results of the 1992–1994 Patterns of Care Study. Cancer. 1999;85:2499–2505

PII: S0147-0272(00)80002-1

Current Problems in Cancer
Volume 24, Issue 6 , Pages 293-373 , November 2000

Article Tools